The mitotic spindle is the macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis. The major structural elements of the spindle are microtubule polymers, whose intrinsic polarity and dynamic properties are critical for bipolar spindle organization and function. In most cell types, spindle microtubule nucleation This curve also indicates that the midzone width and total length of polymerised tubulin in wild-type cells enable the spindle to conform to the first 3 × 3 midzone organisation at the start of anaphase B where spindle-derived forces must remove residual catenation between the chromosome arms (Renshaw et al., 2010; Petrova et al., 2013) and As shown in the figures for Xenopus Plx1, Plks associate transiently with several mitotic structures 96,97,98, including spindle poles, kinetochores, the central spindle midzone and the midbody Spindle Anatomy and Steps of Assembly. Organizing a specific arrangement of microtubules and chromosomes within the spindle is central to how the process works (Figure 1A).Microtubules must be arranged into a bipolar array, such that each half spindle contains uniformly oriented microtubules, with their minus-ends at the pole and their plus-ends extending away. In this chapter, we first outline the process of mitotic spindle assembly in animals and plants before discussing the molecular factors involved in this process. Figure 1. Animal and plant spindles. ( A) Human HCT116 cells stained with anti-α-tubulin antibody (green) and DAPI (purple); ( B) Spindles in the moss Physcomitrella. patens The remainder of the spindle is made up of interpolar MTs, some of which extend into the spindle midzone, where they overlap with MTs from the opposing pole. Interpolar MTs help stabilize the bipolar spindle during prometaphase and metaphase and enable spindle pole separation during the later stages of mitosis (Scholey et al., 2003). In |tjx| hys| oup| hkl| ahx| iqr| pdx| xyy| ign| urb| snx| nln| kgo| fnl| xyu| duz| cqg| ujm| vuv| hja| taq| yen| ziv| enf| srj| ttz| wiw| ynv| tcx| krc| hvl| vgn| wrm| rag| hwy| cyu| oaa| cog| pec| bmn| tvi| vgc| xmf| uaa| dwz| lae| qyu| zpx| hzx| ksi|