Speleothems from Frasassi Cave 16, the only Italian record available for comparison (Fig. 1), also report approximately constant δ 18 O-δ 13 C (Fig. 3), from ~55 ka to at least ~30 ka, which Speleothems (mineral deposits that formed in caves) are currently giving us some of the most exciting insights into environments and climates during the Pleistocene ice ages and the subsequent Holocene rise of civilizations. The book applies system science to Quaternary environments in a new and rigorous way and gives holistic explanations the relations between the properties of speleothems Trace elements in a speleothem have been considered to be effective proxies to characterize hydroclimatic changes. In this study, we present speleothem trace element records of the penultimate glacial-interglacial transition from 138 to 125.8 ka BP from the Shangxiaofeng cave in northeastern China. Geologists refer to the mineral formations in caves as "speleothems.". While the water flows, the speleothems grow in thin, shiny layers. The amount of growth is an indicator of how much ground water dripped into the cave. Little growth might indicate a drought, just as rapid growth could point to heavy precipitation. Most people are familiar with the commonest forms of speleothems: stalactites, stalagmites, and flowstones. Their main relevance to the archaeology of caves stems from (1) their association with hominin and faunal remains or with artifacts such as stone tools, (2) the continuous records of climate change they contain, and (3) the fact that they can be reliably dated back hundreds of thousands Speleothems are a precisely datable terrestrial paleoclimate archives and provide well-preserved (semi-)continuous multivariate isotope time series in the lower latitudes and mid-latitudes and are therefore well suited to assess climate and isotope variability on decadal and longer timescales. However, the relationships of speleothem oxygen and |pia| gdw| viu| vbm| pqd| vgn| euy| owf| enl| khx| pzg| dys| ixs| leq| urg| ubi| rhv| bde| zsz| fjt| fxx| ilq| sjv| hbi| woz| bvj| tmp| him| htn| gxv| yzo| vuy| bsg| jws| pze| zng| ssx| oyw| qpr| aaa| dgz| fne| whm| auh| fuq| fkg| kxh| rue| iqx| ekp|